SportsTurf provides current, practical and technical content on issues relevant to sports turf managers, including facilities managers. Most readers are athletic field managers from the professional level through parks and recreation, universities.
Issue link: https://read.dmtmag.com/i/231240
The other type of metamorphosis insects may undergo doesn't change their appearance much, just their size. Known as incomplete metamorphosis, or "hemimetabolis" if you prefer the Latin sound, these insects look pretty similar at all stages of life. Unlike the insects that undergo complete metamorphosis, you can often find hemimetabolic adults and immatures (called "nymphs") feeding right next to each other on the same leaf. As they grow, their rigid exoskeletons must be shed to make room for the next, larger exterior. Each time they go though one of these molting cycles, we call that an "instar." Some species may go through four to five instars before reaching maturity. This has some management implications, as certain treatments that may be effective on early instars are not as effective on more mature insects. Depending upon the source, North America has roughly 30 Orders of insects, 600 Families, 12,500 Genera, and, oh, let's say about 86,000 Species. As noted earlier, insects are mind-boggling in their numbers and diversity, but, fortunately for arborists, not all of them are required reading. Due to their tremendous variety, it is easiest to lump them together and consider insects at the Order level. Of the dozens of recognized Orders, it really boils down to five that are of considerable concern for tree care. Just understanding the differences of these groups, and their management strategies, will go a long way toward successfully managing insects on shade trees. Japanese Beetles agement tools include sprays (bifenthin, pyrethroids), systemic treatments (imidacloprid, dinotefuran), and tree injection (emmamectin benzoate, imidacloprid). Order: Hymenoptera Translation: "Membrane wing" Holometabolis Key tree pests: Sawfly larvae, leafminers, gall-forming wasps, carpenter ants While bees and wasps are certainly not Ladybug widely considered to be tree pests, other close relatives in this Order can do damage to trees. Sawfly larvae, often confused with caterpillars, have an appetite for pine needles, and many common leafminers are found in this Order as well. Similar to the Coleopteran pests, management tools include sprays (bifenthin, pyrethroids), systemic treatments (imidacloprid, dinotefuran) and tree injection (emmamectin benzoate, imidacloprid). Order: Coleoptera Translation: "Sheath wing" Holometabolis Key tree pests: Bark beetles, leaf beetles, flathead borers, roundhead borers, weevils When it comes to variety and diversity, no one is bigger than the beetles. With more than 400,000 recognized species, beetles make up nearly half of all known insects. Although there are certainly beetles than beneficial to trees (like the much-loved ladybug), the ones that are tree pests can be serious or even fatal health concerns. Beetles can be secondary pests, such as bark beetles affecting stress-weakened trees, or they can be primary pests, as in the case of emerald ash borer or Asian longhorned beetle. Man- www.stma.org SportsTurf 15