Better Roads Digital Magazine
Issue link: https://read.dmtmag.com/i/85916
RoadScience by Tom Kuennen, Contributing Editor SPECIAL SERIES A and accelerators. Concrete admixtures are classifi ed as either mineral or chemical. The Chemistry of Road Building Materials A Concrete P Cement and Concrete Hydraulic portland cement is the product of the calcining, or pyroprocessing, of limestone (a calcium compound), aluminosilicates (clays and/or sand), and iron oxide at phenomenal temperatures, in the range of 2,700 and 3,000 deg. F. The raw materials are crushed, screened and depos- ited in an inclined, refractory tile-lined cement kiln, which rotates while the materials undergo calcination. During calcining, the raw materials tumble in the rotary Solution: Admixtures Change PCC Performance ortland cement concrete (PCC) is the most widely used structural material in transportation infrastruc- ture, and it's widely used for pavements as well. But the control of freshly mixed PCC properties is essential to ensure workability during placement, and compressive strength and long-term durability. Not unlike modifi ers in bituminous pavements (see Asphalt a la Carte: Modifiers Control Mix Performance, April 2012, pgs. 16-27), mineral and chemical concrete admixtures work both physically and chemically to improve the du- rability and quality of portland cement concrete, boost or retard set time, increase resistance to frost, sulfate attack and alkali-silica reactivity, and improve placement. Adding chemical admixtures to PCC before or during mixing can manage its rate of early hydration, and regulate its fl uid (rheological) properties. The most common chemi- cal admixtures include air-entraining agents, water reduc- ers, superplasticizers (high range water reducers), retarders, 10 May 2012 Better Roads kiln, moving downward as they are exposed to heat. The chemically combined water and carbon dioxide from the raw materials is driven off, leaving behind new compounds such as tricalcium silicate, dicalcium silicate, tricalcium aluminate and tetracalcium aluminoferrite, according to the Portland Cement Association. These compounds are contained in the resulting fused lumps – the size of a fi st or smaller – called clinker. This clinker tumbles out the lower end, is cooled and is either shipped (exported) elsewhere for grinding into cement, or ground at the plant in a ball mill, which results in an hy- draulic portland cement that is so fi ne it will pass through a sieve that will hold water. Fresh concrete, of course, is the mix of aggregates (sand and gravel or crushed stone), water and portland cement. Cement makes up from 10 to 15 percent of the concrete mix, by volume, although in recent decades the cement in- dustry has encouraged specifi cation of equally performing cement containing up to 15 percent limestone fi nes. The addition of water initiates hydration of the cement, which binds the sand and aggregates into a hardened prod- uct resembling stone. Compounds like calcium hydroxide and calcium silicate hydrate form within the paste. The strength of concrete is measured by its resistance to com- pressive forces after a month of curing (28-day compressive strength). But curing actually continues for decades, albeit at a much slower pace. Theoretically concrete never really stops curing. How Concrete Cures The curing or hardening of PCC is a physio-chemical pro- cess that begins at the molecular level. The scale at which this curing takes place is the realm of the atom and mol-