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anced soil fertility, avoid nitrogen fertilization after turf hardened off, control excessive thatch, remove morning dew, improve air movement, provide surface drainage ditions, slow-growing turf • Cultural control: Increase nitrogen fertilization, increase air circulation, avoid drought stress Rust • Grasses affected: Perennial ryegrass and Kentucky bluegrass • Season: April-October • Symptoms and signs: Leaves turn yellow; yellow to orange to reddish-brown powdery growths on leaves • Conditions favoring disease: Overcast or cloudy weather, air temperatures in the low 70s, high humidity brought on by fog or light rain showers • Cultural control: Stimulate growth via water and/or fertilizer Although many of these diseases can be quite dramatic look- Necrotic Ring Spot • Grasses affected: Kentucky bluegrass • Season: March-May and September-November • Symptoms and signs: Dead circles, arches, and patches with centers generally colonized by weeds or other grasses • Conditions favoring disease: Fungus thrives in cool wet weather in spring/fall, injurious effects may not appear until high temperatures and/or drought stress • Cultural control: Prevent drought stress during summer with light daily irrigation, fertilize with organic fertilizers, raise mowing height, control thatch buildup ing, very few cause serious enough damage to lawns to warrant a fungicide application. However, if a fungicide application is needed, make sure to accurately identify the disease and select an appropriate systemic fungicide. To reduce or eliminate the need for fungicides, implement an integrated turf management program emphasizing sound cultural practices. Lastly, when a disease issue arises, take the following steps to accurately diagnose the problem before implementing any control strategies. • Gain perspective of the distribution of the problem in the turfgrass stand. • Identify which grass specie(s) is/are being affected. • Determine the turf plant part being affected (foliage, crown, root). • Identify the type of signs and/or symptoms being observed. - Sign: Pathogen or its parts or products seen on the host plant (e.g. rust on turf) - Symptom: External or internal reactions or alterations of the plant as a result of disease (e.g. chlorosis or discoloration of the turf) • Review the history of the site. - Weather: Wet, dry, warm, cool, sunny, etc. - Chemical: Fertilizer or pesticide applications - Stand Condition: Soil, thatch, pH, turf species or cultivar - Cultural practices that may have stressed turf • If unsure, send a sample to a turf/plant diagnostic laboratory. LI Red Thread • Grasses affected: Perennial ryegrass, fine fescues, tall fescue, Kentucky bluegrass • Season: February-November • Symptoms and signs: Bleached or tan-colored irregular areas with red fungal strands • Conditions favoring disease: Day-night temperatures 45 to 65 degrees Fahrenheit, prolonged periods of rainfall, heavy dew con- www.landscapeirrigation.com Bayer CropScience is committed to bringing new technology and solu- tions for agriculture and non-agricultural uses. For questions concerning the availability and use of products, contact a local Bayer CropScience repre- sentative, or visit Bayer CropScience online at www.bayercropscience.us. Find more information at www.Backed byBayer.com. Landscape and Irrigation 9 Dr. Rob Golembiewski is a greens solutions specialist for the Envi- ronmental Science Division of Bayer CropScience LP with the responsi- bility of providing technical support for the Midwest Turf & Ornamental Market. Most recently, he served as the Turfgrass Specialist at Oregon State University. Rob received his B.S and M.S. from Michigan State University and his Ph.D. from The Ohio State University. His career has included positions with Montana State University, Dow Agro- Sciences, Paramount Landscape, and the University of Minnesota, Crookston.