Aggregates Manager Digital Magazine
Issue link: https://read.dmtmag.com/i/891178
Bill Langer is a consulting research geologist who spent 41 years with the U.S. Geological Survey before starting his own business. He can be reached at Bill_Langer@hotmail.com CARVED IN STONE 32 AGGREGATES MANAGER / November 2017 I went to a small K-12 grade school — there were 63 people in my class of 1964. Nearly half of the boys-turned-men in my graduating class served in the military. The U.S. was in the midst of the Vietnam War, and I suspect most of my classmates in the military, myself included, served in Vietnam. My closest friend in college also served in Vietnam, although I never saw him or my high school buddies while "in country." One of the first things I noticed after arriving in Vietnam (after the horrible smell) was the prevalence of sandbags. They were placed everywhere to protect people, buildings, and equipment from bullets and shrapnel from mortars and rocket-propelled gre- nades. Sandbags were by no means unique to Vietnam. They are known to have been used as long ago as the American Revolution- ary War by loyalists defending Fort Ninety-Six (aka Star Fort) in South Carolina. The ubiquitous sandbag has been used in nearly every war since. However, sandbags are perhaps most famous for the role they played in the trench warfare of World War I. The top two or three feet of the front and rear sides of the trench consisted of a thick line of sandbags to absorb any bullets or shell fragments. Millions of sandbags found their way to the Western Front; 150 million from Scottish factories during just one two-week period in 1915. Research by the British Army determined that a typical bullet used in World War I would only penetrate a sandbag by 15 inches. So how can sand stop a projectile? A sandbag works somewhat like a non-Newtonian fluid, which behaves like both a liquid and a solid. Think about Oobleck, non-Newtonian fluid consisting of a mixture of two parts cornstarch and one part water. If you slowly poke your finger into a ball of Oobleck, the cornstarch particles can move out of the way. But if you try to quickly jab your finger into Oobleck, the particles jam up against one another, resisting the penetration. (Caution: If you make Oobleck, don't wash it down the drain. It can plug up your plumbing.) Likewise, a sandbag is filled with many small grains of sand that can move out of each other's way when the sandbag is slowly poked with a stick, but when a bullet strikes a sandbag, the grains of sand can't get out of each other's way fast enough. The impact also results in an extreme frictional force as the sand grains dissipate the pressure while the projectile compacts the sand along its path of penetration. These forces combine to stop the penetration of the bullet. This is a pretty simple explanation for a pretty simple piece of military equipment. But when you are a-standin' up to the sandbags, it's funny the thoughts wot come. AM Used to protect soldiers since as far back as the Revolutionary War, the ubiquitous sandbag has found its way to nearly every front. A Song of the Sandbags A-standin' up to the sandbags, It's funny the thoughts wot come; Starin' into the darkness, 'Earin' the bullets 'um; (ZING! ZIP! PING! RIP! ' ARK 'OW THE BULLETS 'UM!) A-leanin' against the sandbags, Wiv me rifle under me ear, Oh, I've 'ad more thoughts on a sentry-go, Than I used to 'ave in a year. A Song of the Sandbags, by Robert W. Service, 1916. Nov. 11 was officially made a legal holiday in 1938 to honor veterans of World War I, but, in 1954, it became a day to honor American veterans of all wars. This article is dedicated to all the men and women who have served in America's military. Thank you for your service!