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One should expect the vineyard to be represented by vines with a mixed infection status (some vines would be infected with viruses and others would not). Following are guidelines for the collection of representative sam- ples to be submitted to a laboratory for viral detection.The sample size and type will depend on the reason for testing, size of the vineyard and virus species to be detected. SAMPLING TO DETERMINE CAUSE OF DISEASE A vineyard may have been plant- ed with material initially infected lonal grapevine propagation, the process of making cut- tings from an original vine, has advantages and disadvan- tages as it relates to plant health. D e p e n d i n g o n s o i l c o n d i t i o n s and the presence of root-feeding insects or nematodes, the grape- producing varieties (scion) are grafted onto rootstocks. If many cuttings are produced from a virus- infected vine, the outcome will be the production of many infected plants and, when planted, disease infection in the vineyard. On the other hand, if the sib- lings were produced from a healthy mother vine, the outcome will be uninfected vines that, when planted, will result in healthy and productive vineyards. In practice, cuttings from infected and non- infected mother vines are mixed BY DR. JUDIT MONIS with viruses or become infected after planting (for example, the pre- vious vineyard was infected with a virus vectored by soil-invading insects or nematodes). Differ- ent patterns of infection may be observed depending on the situa- tion: clusters, which are confined within a specific area (example: grapevine fanleaf virus transmitted by nematodes); gradients, which spread from initial site of infection (grapevine leafroll-associated virus-3 transmitted by mealybugs); or total infection (grapevine leafroll-associ- ated virus-2 – no known transmis- sion other than grafting), where the entire vineyard is affected. Testing vines prior to planting is required due to the large initial investment in vineyard development. Sampling in the Vineyard G u i d e l i n e s f o r o p t i m a l v i r u s d e t e c t i o n